Drift and ground speed indicator



Oct 4, 1960 R. c. LAWLOR 2,954,608

DRIFT AND GROUND SPEED INDICATOR Filed Oct. 30, 1956 6 Sheets-Sheet l 29 i0 FIG 2 INVENTOR Get. 4, 1960 R. c. LAWLOR DRIFT AND GROUND SPEED INDICATOR 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed 001;. 30, 1956 m f 11 m 6 E L: H M 0 W 8 WM w w x p a g 2 3 7 8 4, m m; V 7 m z W 5 w g W i a Z Q Z 1 w H Oct. 4, 1960 R. c. LAWLOR DRIFT AND GROUND SPEED INDICATOR 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Oct. 30, 1956 INVENTOR Oct. 4, 1960 R. c. LAWLOR 2,954,608

' DRIFT AND GROUND SPEED INDICATOR Filed on. so, 1956 s Sheets-Sheet 5 BfCTAA/GUA A/ I WA 1/5 I SAM/7007A 4 [cream/c I 51M 70% I I I I I I 449 I I /43 I I I OJC/LL/UUF (/EfU/ 7' EfCf/I/EE TFA/MS'M/TTEE FAD/0 INVENTOR 44 T/METEE W Oct. 4, 1960 R. c. LAWLOR DRIFT AND GROUND SPEED INDICATOR 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Oct. 30, 1956 0/ V/DfE \zN ENTOR I) AND GROUND SPEED INDICATOR Reed C. Lawlor, Alhambra, Calif. (Park Central Bldg, 412 W. 6th St, Los Angelles 14, Calif.)

Filed Oct. 30, 1956, Ser. No. 619,347

41 Claims. (Cl. SS-46.5)

My invention pertains to navigation and more particularly to improved systems for determining ground velocity of an aircraft in flight. This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending application, Serial No. 558,165, filed October 11, 1944, and now abandoned, which in turn was a continuation-impart of my patent application, Serial No. 365,981, filed November 16, 1940, now Patent No. 2,363,600.

In one prior art system of determining ground velocity of an aircraft in flight, an image of an earth object relative to which the aircraft is moving was focused on a plain frosted glass surface, and the rate at which the image traveled acoss the image area was measured to provide a basis for computing the ground speed. In conjunction with this system, the direction that the image traveled across the image area was measured to determine the drift of the aircraft. In this manner, the ground velocity both as to speed and direction was determined.

In another prior art system of measuring ground velocity, an element of an optical system used for focusing the image of an earth object in an image area on a plain frosted glass surface was rotated about a horizontal axis at a speed suitable for maintaining the image at a fixed point in the image area, and the speed of rotation of that element was used as a basis for computing the ground speed.

Such prior art methods of measuring ground velocity suffer from two principal disadvantages. In the first place, measurement of ground velocity in such systems depends for its success upon good visibility of the ground, and, secondly, in using such systems the observer is required to devote his full attention to the measurement for a considerable period during which his attention to his other duties, such as the piloting of the aircraft, is impaired.

The principal object of my invention is to provide a system for determining ground velocity which is free of the inconveniences, and other limitations of prior art systems.

Another object of my invention is to provide a ground velocity meter in which there is produced an image pattern comprising simultaneously observable image points and having a dimension corresponding to the ground speed.

Another object of my invention is to provide a ground velocity meter in which there is produced an image pattern having a dimension proportional to the ground speed of an aircraft regardless of the aircrafts altitude.

Another object of my invention is to provide a ground velocity meter in which an image pattern indicative of ground velocity is formed on a screen capable of retaining an image thereon for an appreciable period of time.

Another object of my invention is to provide a ground velocity meter that periodically forms an image pattern indicative of the ground velocity of an aircraft.

Another object of my invention is to provide means for erasing from an image area of a ground velocity Patented Oct. 4, 1960 meter a persistent image pattern indicative of ground velocity.

Another object of my invention is to provide a ground velocity meter in which energy successively received from an earth object is converted into a corresponding succession of simultaneously observable spaced images.

Another object of my invention is to provide a ground velocity meter which automatically presents a succession of ground velocity indicating image pat-terns in an image area, and which includes means for suspending the auto matic presentation thereof so that one of the image patterns may be retained therein to facilitate its measurement.

Another object of my invention is to provide an arrangement for presenting an image pattern indicative of ground velocity for observation or measurement when desired.

Still another object of my invention is to provide a ground velocity meter with a screen formed of a material having a characteristic which may be repeatedly changed in one direction by exposure to radiation from an earth object and in the opposite direction by exposure to energy from another source.

Still another object of my invention is to provide a ground velocity indicator which is mounted directly on the instrument panel of an aircraft in such a position that it may be readily viewed by the pilot.

Still another object of my invention is to provide an aviga-tional instrument based on television principles suitable for the measurement of ground velocity.

And still another object of my invention is to provide an improved image converter having a screen capable of retaining an image thereon for an appreciable period of time and having an electrical shutter for timing the exposure of that screen.

A further object of my invention is to provide an avigational instrument for determining ground velocity even in foggy or cloudy weather.

A further object of my invention is to provide a navigation instrument with a screen on which images of the earth may be retained selectively either for a relatively short time or for a relatively long time.

A further object of my invention is to provide an arrangement for generating pulses or waves at a frequency proportional to the altitude of an aircraft.

And still a further object of my invention is to provide a reliable avigational instrument with which ground velocity may be determined with rapidity and ease.

My invention, together with the foregoing and other objects and features of advantage may be more readily understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein Fig. 1 in a schematic diagram utilized in explaining the relations between air velocity, wind velocity, ground velocity, ground speed, and drift;

Fig. 2 is a plan view, partily in section and partly schematic, of one form of my ground velocity meter;

Fig. 3 is a partly schematic vertical sectional view of this velocity meter taken on the line 3-3 of Fig. 2;

Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic view of another ground velocity meter utilizing a shutter to control the time of exposure of a phosphorescent screen;

Fig. 5 is an elevational view of a cam element of the ground velocity meter of Pig. 4;

Figs. 6, 7, and 8 are schematic diagrams used to explain the relationship between the dimensions of the shutter of the ground velocity meter illustrated in Fig. 4 and the types of image patterns that may be produced therewith;

Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram, partly on section, of

a ground velocity meter utilizing an electronic image translating system;

Fig. is an elevational view of the measuring disc used in the ground speed meter of Fig. 9;

Fig. 11 'is a sectional view of an image inverting reflector taken on the line 11-11 of Fig. 9; I

Fig. 12 is a schematic diagram, partly in section, of a ground velocity meter utilizing a radio altimeter to control the time of exposure of the image screen;

Fig. 13 is a wiring diagram of a sawtooth wave generator used in conjunction with a radio altimeter to control the image exposure time; and

Fig. 14 is a schematic diagram of a modified form of the ground velocity meter of Fig. 12.

Briefly stated, in one preferred form of my invention, energy from an earth object is received at successive instants at an aircraft in flight, the energy so received is converted into a corresponding succession of simultaneously observable spaced image points in an image area, thus forming therein an image pattern having a dimension corresponding to the speed of the aircraft relative to the object, and this dimension of the image pattern is measured to determine the speed of the aircraft relative to the ground. In order to form an image pattern having a dimension proportional to the ground speed independently of the altitude, a plurality of simultaneously visible images are formed on a viewing screen, from energy received from an earth object at intervals proportional to the altitude. More specifically, a phosphorescent' or persistently fluorescent screen is exposed to an image of the earth for a limited measured time, and the length of the resultant streaks or traces formed on the screen is measured to determine the ground speed. In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, a linear image pattern is formed on the screen in an orientation thereon corresponding to the drift angle. In this case, the angle that this image pattern makes with a reference line fixed in the image area is measured to determine the drift angle and a linear dimension of the image pattern is measured to determine ground speed, thus determining both the drift and the speed components of velocity. Preferably, a visible image of the terrain over which an aircraft is flying is formed by translating an invisible radiant energy image of earth objects, preferably infrared or ultra-violet images, into a visible phosphorescent or persistently fluorescent image pattern, and this pattern is measured to determine ground velocity. The screen employed for my purpose is composed of a material that' is capable of being changed in one direction to form a fugitive image that can be retained thereon for a period that is long compared with the persistence time of vision and is capable of being restored to erase the image. Thus images successively formed on the screen and retained for such a period may be readily observed and measured even while they are decaying in intensity, and they may then be erased to prepare the screen for the formation of new images. The change in one direction may be induced in many ways, such as by exposure of the screen to selected light rays or to an electron beam, and the restoration of the screen may be induced by exposure of the screen to different selected light rays.

In this specification, the term persistent fluorescence is used to signify any fluorescent phenomenon which continues after .the primary stimulating radiation is removed, and the term fugitive is applied to persistent fluorescent images which are of an impermanent character lasting for only a short time, such as a few seconds to a few minutes. While it is not desired to draw a sharp distinction between the term persistent fluorescence and the term phosphorescence? the latter term also is. applied to persistent fluorescent phenomena which last for a much longer time. In either event, an image formed on a screen composed of a phosphor which is persistently fluormcent or phosphorescent, persists for a period, such as a few seconds or a few minutes, that is long compared with the persistence time of vision, that is the maximum interval of about second normally occurring between successive pictures to avoid flicker in motion pictures or television projection.

Referring directly to Fig. 1, there is shown an aircraft 1 in the floor of which is mounted a ground velocity meter 3 of the type illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3. The vector diagram shown in Fig; 1 illustrates diagrammatically the manner in which the velocity of the aircraft 1 with respect to the air V and the wind velocity V combine to produce a still different velocity of the aircraft with respect to ground V In general, as a result of the combined action of the wind velocity V and the air velocity V the ground speed differs from the air speed, and the direction of travel of the aircraft with respect to the ground deviates from the longitudinal infra-red radiationimage of the earths surface, and the screen is periodically exposed substantially uniformly to ultra-violet radiation from a local source. Preferably, the screen is exposed to ultra-violet radiation from the local source at intervals proportional to the altitude of the aircraft above the earths surface. In this ground velocity meter, a linear image pattern is produced on the viewing screen having a characteristic dimension proportional to the ground speed and forming an angle with respect to a datum line equal to the drift angle. This linear dimension and this angle are measured to determine the ground speed and drift angle respectively, thus completely determining the velocity of the aircraft with respect to the ground.

' Preferably, a persistently fluorescent material is utilized in the viewing screen of this ground velocity meter which has a decay characteristic such that each image point forms a readily perceptible image pattern on the screen extending at least half-way across the fluorescent image area, and the screen is exposed to ultra-violet radiation at time intervals less than about half that required for such an image point to travel across the image area. Fluormcent materials of widely varying time decay characteristics are well known in the art and need not be specifically described here. The particulm material selected will depend upon many other factors contributing to the design of the ground speed indicator, as will be apparent hereinafter.

Referring directly to Figs. 2 and 3, this ground speed meter 3 comprises a cylindrical housing or tube 7 supported vertically in the floor 8 of an aircraft by means of screws 9-9. An objective lens 14) smaller in diameter than the tube '7 and having a normally vertical optical axis is mounted at the bottom end of the tube 7. A filter 11 adapted to pass only infra-red rays is mounted in the tube above the lens 10 in any suitable manner. Around and above the lens 10 and filter 11 is mounted an ultra-violet ray tube 12. At the uppermost end of the tube 7 there is mounted a fluorescent viewing screen 13 comprising a first glass disc 14 carrying a thin layer 15 composed of a suitable fluorescent material on the lower side thereof, preferably in coincidence with the focal plane of the lens it) to produce sharp image patterns. Above the viewing screen 13 is rotatably mounted a glass measuring disc 16 having a set of opaque rectangular grid lines on one side thereof, preferably on the lower side, to reduce parallax to a small amount. The rectangular grid lines on the measuring disc 16 include a set of drift,'or lubber, lines d extending in one direction and a set of speed measuring lines s extending transversely thereto, the drift lines d all being of equal width, and the speed measuring lines s being arranged in sets of five, every fifth line being wider than the others to facilitate measurement. At the top of the tube 7 is mounted a glass cover plate 20 providing an instrument face which serves to keep dust et al., out of the instrument.

The rotatable measuring disc 16 is secured to an annular ring 21 having a worm gear 22 on the outer edge thereof and rigidly secured thereto. The ring 21 is rotatably confined at the side, top, and bottom thereof by means of bearing surfaces 23. The direction that the drift lines d form with the axis x-x of the aircraft 1 may be varied by rotation of a high pitch worm 24. The worm 24 is mounted on a horizontal shaft 25 passing tangentially through the rear side .of said housing7 at the upper end thereof at a point of the circumference of the housing 7 directly in front of the navigator or pilot. The shaft 25 has a manually operable knob 26 on the outside and thereof for rotational adjustment of the drift lines d. An index mark 29 is provided on a collar 30 fixed to the tube 7 in any convenient manner. Preferably the index mark 29 lies on a diameter of the collar 30 parallel to the axis xx of the aircraft. The rotatable annular ring 21 on which is mounted the measuring disc 16 is indexed in degrees by a scale 28 on the portion of the uppermost surface thereof which passes adjacent the index 29. When the drift lines d are parallel to the longitudinal axis x-x of the aircraft, the zero angle reading is directly in line with the index mark 29. When the drift lines are inclined to the longitudinal axis xx of the aircraft, the drift angle is read on the part of the scale 28 in lines with the index mark 29.

Current is automatically supplied intermittently to the ultra-violet ray tube 12 from a battery 40 by periodically closing a switch 41. The switch 41 is automatically closed periodically by means of a cam 42 driven by a variable speed motor 43. Preferably the speed of the motor 43 is automatically varied inversely as the altitude of the aircraft above the ground. This is accomplished, for example, by varying the voltage applied to the field winding 44 of the motor 43 by automatically varying the resistance of a rheostat 45 in series with the field winding 44 and a motor power supply represented by a battery 46 in accordance with the altitude. In the present instance, this control is effected automatically by means of a barometric altimeter 47 having a flexible diaphragm 48 which is displaced from a standard position an amount corresponding to the altitude and which operates through a linkage 49 including a pivoted sliding contact arm 50 v to vary the resistance of said rheostat 45 in an appropriate manner. A scale 51 associated with a pointer 52 on the arm 50 indicates the altitude. If desired the speed of the motor 43 may be controlled by manually setting the resistance of the rheostat 45 to correspond to the altitude whenever it is desired to measure ground velocity. In any event during each revolution of the cam 42, the switch 41 is closed momentarily thereby exposing the fluorescent viewing screen 13 to ultra violet radiation from the ultraviolet ray tube 12 substantially uniformly for a short interval of time. During this operation an infra-red image from the earths surface is continuously focused by the lens 10 through the filter 11 on the screen 13. Infra red images of earth objects formed in the image area at the screen 13 travel thereacross at a rate proportional to the ground speed V of the aircraft.

The fluorescent material incorporated in the layer 15 is preferably of the persistently fluorescent or phosphorescent type which exhibits an acceleration of decay rate when exposed to infra-red radiation. In the absence of any infra-red radiation from the earth, the periodic exposure of the screen '13 to ultra-violet radiation brings the intensity of its fluorescence up to a standard maximum intensity less than the saturation intensity to which the screen is capable of being excited. And in 6 the absence of infra-red radiation during the time when the fluorescence of the screen 13 is decaying in the interval between exposures to the ultra-violet radiation, the intensity of fluorescence of the screen 13 decays in a regular hyperbolic or exponential manner. However, as an infrar-red image point travels across the image area, the points on the screen 13 exposed thereto are successively darkened. Because the intensity of fluorescence depends upon the recent history of the fluorescent material in the layer 15, the trace produced on the screen 13 along the path traveled by an infra-red image varies in intensity in a regular manner between those points p on the screen at which the infra-red image is focused at the instant of exposure to the ultra-violet radiation. Thus, a linear image pattern is produced on the screen 13 as each infra-red image travels thereacrossa A characteristic dimension of this image pattern such as the distance between successive points p thereof corresponds to the ground speed of the aircraft, and the angle that this linear image pattern forms with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft is equal to the drift angle. After an image pattern is thus produced, it fades away, due partially to the decay of the fluorescence of the screen 13 and partially to the partial erasing effect of subsequent exposures of the screen to ultra-violet radiation, and new image patterns are formed on the screen directly over the old fading image patterns.

Generally speaking the ground speed of the aircraft is given by the formula where l is the characteristic dimension of the image pattern, h is the height of the aircraft above the surface, 1'' is the focal length of the lens 10, and t is the time interval between successive exposures of the screen 13 to ultra-violet radiation. When the speed of the motor 43 is varied inversely as the altitude of the aircraft above the surface of the earth, the time interval between exposures of the screen to ultra-violet radiation is proportional to the altitude, and the characteristic length of the image pattern is proportional to the ground speed of the aircraft and independent of the altitude.

In order to measure the velocity of the aircraft, the measuring disc 16 is rotated to bring the drift, or lubber, lines d into position parallel to the traces produced on the fluorescent image screen 13 as shown in Fig. 2. The angle that the measuring disc 16 is rotated from its normally longitudinal position is read from the angular scale 28 on the measuring disc 16 to determine the drift angle, and the distance between distinct intensity changes in one of the linear images is estimated by means of the speed lines s to determine the ground speed. In this manner, the ground velocity of the aircraft is determined from time to time during flight.

It is clear, of course, that the above described form of my invention may be utilized for determining ground velocity even under unfavorable weather conditions, be cause of the fact that infra-red radiation, at least partially, penetrates fog and clouds, especially when such fog and clouds have been but newly formed and consist of but small particles of water vapor.

In a modification of the invention hereinabove described in connection with Figs. 2 and 3, a viewing screen formed of a suitable persistently fluorescent material is continuously exposed to an optical ultra-violet radiation image of the earths surface, and the screen is periodically'exposed substantially uniformly to infra-red radiation from a local source. In this case the screen is exposed to the infra-red radiation from the local source at intervals proportional to the altitude of the aircraft above the earths surface, so that a linear image pattern is produced on the screen in a manner similar to that hereinabove described, the image pattern again having a linear dimension proportional to the ground speed and and 3 is provided with a lens (or lens .10 and filter 11) which transmits only short wave length radiation in the range comprising say, ultra-violet, violet, and blue.

light; the ultra-violet ray tube 12 is replaced by an infrared ray tube and discs 14 and/or 16 and/orcover plate 20 are formed of a material which permits the transmission therethrough of only long wave length visible light. Such an infra-red tube may comprise for example, a

ruby glass envelope containing a mixture of argon and neon at low pressure. The infra-red tube may also be in the form of an incandescent lamp, having an envelope composed of ruby glass or other material that selectively transmits infra-red radiation and absorbs visible and ultra-violet radiation. .With the system thus modified and thus provided with complementary light filters on opposite sides of the fluorescent layer 15, that is with a short wavelength filter on the object side and a long wavelength filter on the viewing side thereof, the only image seen on said screen comprises the fluorescent image pattern'produced by exposure of the layer to short wavelength radiation from the earths surface. The orientation and a dimension of this image pattern are measured in ends thereof. The shutter 72 comprises two sectors 73 and 74 arranged symmetrically on the shaft 7tl in a planethe manner hereinabove described to determine the ground velocity of the aircraft. p

In a practical ground velocity meter illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 4 and embodying features of the present invention, a viewing screen formed of a suitable phosphorescent material is periodically exposed at regular intervals to an optical infra-red radiation image of the earths surface to produce an image pattern on the screen having a linear dimension corresponding to the ground speed and forming an angle with respect to a datum line equal to the drift angle. The viewing screen is also periodically exposed momentarily at longer intervals to ultra-violet radiation which completely erases the image pattern previously formed thereon. Preferably the screen is exposed to the infra-red radiation image periodically at intervals proportional to the altitude of the aircraft above the earths surface. In this case a linear image pattern comprising a series of aligned image traces is formed on the screen corresponding to each outstanding infra-red radiating earth object, these traces having lengths proportional to the ground speed and being separated by blank spaces proportional to the ground speed. One of the linear dimensions of such a linear image pattern and the angle that the image pattern forms with respect to a reference line are measured to determine ground speed and drift, respectively, thus completely determining ground velocity.

The ground velocity meter of Fig. 4 comprises an optical system of the type previously described in connection with Figs. 2 and 3 and comprism in addition, a shutter which is operated by an altimeter to control the exposure of the viewing screen to an image of the earth, an erasing mechanism for periodically completely erasing an image pattern from the viewing screen, and means for arresting the operation of the. shutter and the erasing mechanism to facilitate measuring the image pattern. More particularly, this ground velocity meter 55 includes an optical system 9 comprising a lens 10, a filter 11, a tubular ultra-violet light source 12 of substantially circular longitudinal shape, a phosphorescent viewing screen 13 comprising a glass disc 14 carrying a thin layer 15 composed of a suitable phosphorescent material, and a measuring disc 16 having a rectangular measuring grid marked thereon. The elements mentioned of the optical system are arranged in spaced-apart relation in substantially parallel planes along the vertical optical axis of the ground velocity meter from the bottom to the top thereof in theorder named. The phosphorescent layer 15 is disposed in the focal plane of the lens 10. The ultra-violet light source 12 is included in series with a battery 40 anda switch S I This ground velocity meter 55 comprises an exposure control system 59 including a variable speed motor 69 to which power is supplied from a battery 61 through a rheostat 62 which is controlled by a barometric altimeter 63 in the same manner as the motor 43 previously described in connection with Figs. 2 and 3. The exposure control system 59 also includes a vertical shaft 70 having its axis parallel to the axis of the optical system adapted to be rotate-d in a clockwise direction by the variable speed motor 6% through a cone clutch '71 at the upper end thereof. The shaft 70 carries a sectored shutter 72 which is rigidly secured'thereto intermediate the perpendicular to the axis of the shaft 70, preferably in a plane between the lens 10 and the ultra-violet light source 12. As the shutter 72 rotates the sectors 73 and 74- successively intercept the optical paths of infra-red radiation transmitted through the lens 10 toward the screen 14. Thus, as the shutter 72 rotates, the entrance aperture of the optical system 9 is effectively closed by each of the sectors 73 and 74 once during each revolution of the shaft 70 and the aperture of the optical system 9 is effectively open when the angular openings 75 and 76 between the sectors 73 and 74 include such optical paths. The optical system 9 is thus rendered alternately against the end of the shaft 70 thereby normally urging.

the shaft 70 upward into its upper position where the clutch 71 is engaged. The first crown cam element 88 comprises a gradually inclined portion 91 on the leading side thereof and a semi-circular cam notch 92 at the uppermost part thereof, as illustrated in Fig. 5. A control mechanism 93 is provided that cooperates with the first crown cam element 88 to lower the shaft 70 against the force of the first compression spring to its lower position to disengage the clutch 71 and to stop the rotation of the shaft 70 at a predetermined point in its rotation. When the shaft 70 is thus stopped, the sector 73 of the shutter 72 effectively closes the aperture of rod 94 and an operating arm 95 pivotally attached thereto positioned along a vertical line above the cam 85. The rod 94 is arranged to slide in lower and upper fixed sleeves 96 and 97 along a vertical line parallel to the shaft 70by manipulation of the operating arm 95. The rod 94 is provided with a cam wheel 99 at the lower end thereof adapted to engage the first cam element 88. A second compression spring 100 enclosing the rod 94 be-. tween the lower sleeve 96 and a collar 93 rigidly secured to the rod 94 normally urges the rod 94 upward. The operating arm 95 is arranged in a loose fitting guide 101 to permit the operating arm 95 free movement in a vertical plane. The operating arm 95 is adapted to force the rod 94 downward against the pressure of the second spring 1530 to a lower position where it may be retained by means of a catch device 162 comprising a pin 103 on the operating arm and a fixed U-shaped stop 104. having a notch on the lower side of each arm thereof' The rod 94 is returned to its upper position by pressing the operating arm 95 slightly downward and forward unlatching the catch device and then releasing the operating arm 95 permittingthe second compression spring 100 to force ,itupward. I

When the rod 9 is disposed in its upper position the cam wheel 99 does not interfere with the rotation of the cam 85. However, when it is disposed in its lower position, the cam wheel 99 engages the first crown cam element 38 during the rotation of the shaft 70. Thus, when the rod 94 is lowered while the shaft 70 is rotating, the cam wheel 99 engages the inclined portion 91 at the leading edge of the first crown element 88 causing the shaft 7th to be lowered against the upward pressure of the first compression spring 90, and thus disengages the elements of the cone clutch 71. When the shaft 70 rotates a little farther, the cam wheel 99 encounters the cam notch 92 on the first crown cam element 88 and the first spring 9t) urges the shaft 70 upward, causing the cam notch 92 to seat against the cam wheel 99 and braking the rotation of the shaft 70. While the cam notch is thus seated on the cam wheel 99 the elements of the cone clutch 71 remain disengaged and the shutter 72 remains in its closed position. in order to resume rotation of the shaft 76, the rod 94 is moved to its upper position as hereinabove explained permitting the cam wheel 99 to be withdrawn from the cam notch 92 and thus permitting the elements of the cone clutch 71 to be reengaged. It is to be noted that when the catch device is released both the first and second compression springs 99 and 100 cooperate to urge the Vertical shaft 70 and the rod 94 upward.

The second crown cam element 89 is arranged to auto matically close the switch S once in each revolution of the shaft '70. When switch S is closed, current is supplied to the ultra-violet light source 12 from the battery 40. The closing of the switch is synchronized with the operation of the shutter 72 so that the layer 15 of phosphorescent material is exposed to ultra-violet radiation from the ultra-violet source 12 once in each revolution of the shaft 70 shortly after the first cam element 88 passes the cam wheel 99 and just prior to the opening of the optical system 9.

in operation, when the shaft 76 rotates and the switch S is closed by action of the cam 85 while the shutter 72 is in its closed positions no infra-red radiation from the earth is transmitted to the phosphorescent screen 13 and the ultra-violet radiation from the ultra-violet light source 12 exposes the phosphorescent screen 13 substantially uniformly over its surface, exciting the phos phorescent material contained thereon, and thereby effectively erasing any image pattern that may previously have been formed thereon. Shortly after the switch S opens, the shutter 72 opens, permitting the lens 19 to focus infra-red images of earth objects on the phosphorescent coating 15. As these images move across the screen 13 in a direction corresponding to the drift of the aircraft and at a speed corresponding to the ground speed of the aircraft, they cause dark traces to be formed thereon and as the sectors 73 and 74 of the shutter 72 alternately intercept the infra-red radiation from the earth, a linear image pattern is formed on the screen 13 comprising dark spaced apart and aligned traces. The linear image pattern corresponding to a single infra-red radiating earth object comprises a series of collinear straight traces having lengths proportional to the ground speed and separated by gaps proportional to the ground speed.

In order to determine the ground velocity of the aircraft, the rotation of the shutter 72 is arrested, effectively closing the optical system 9 and causing an image pattern to be retained on the viewing screen 13. With the image pattern thus retained, the angle that the linear image pattern forms with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft is measured to determine drift, and one of the linear dimensions of the image pattern is measured to determine speed by suitable manipulation of the measuring disc 16 as hereinabove set forth. While the lengths of any of the lines or the length of any of the gaps in one of the linear image patterns may be measured, it is preferable to 10 measure the distance between similarly located points in consecutive traces as explained more fully hereinbelow.

Figs. 6A, 6B, and 6C illustrate three different arrangements of sectored shutters 72A, 72B, and 72C respectively, of the shutter 72, hereinabove described; Figs. 7A, 7B, and 7C illustrate the corresponding variations in percentage of light transmitted through the lens 10 to the phosphorescent viewing screen 13 during a cycle of operation between successive instants when the switch S is closed; and Figs. 8A, 8B, and 8C illustrate the corresponding linear image patterns produced on the viewing screen 13.

In the arrangement illustrated in Fig. 6A, the shutter 72a comprises two ninety-degree sectors 73a and 74a separated by two ninety-degree open spaces 75a and 76a. As the shutter 72a rotates, it opens and closes the aperture associated with the lens 10, causing light transmitted through the lens to be alternately focused on the phosphorescent layer 15 and to be alternately intercepted by the shutter sectors 73a and 74a for equal intervals. The resultant variation in percentage transmission of the optical system 9 is illustrated in Fig. 7A, where abscissae represent time and ordinates represent the percentage of light passing through the lens which is transmitted to the phosphorescent screen 13. More particularly, referring to Fig. 7A, and considering a cycle of operation beginning at the instant when the middle of the sector 73a covers the lens 10 intercepting all the light, after the' shutter rotates a small angle the switch S is closed and the phosphorescent coating 15 is exposed to ultra-violet light, erasing the image pattern previously formed thereon. As the rotation of the shutter 72a proceeds, the open space 75a between the shutter sectors 73a and 74a becomes aligned with the lens 10, thus permitting all of the radiation passing through the lens 10 and filter 11 to be transmitted to the phosphorescent screen 13, as indicated by the portion K of the graph. As the rotation of the shutter 72:: proceeds farther, the other sector 74a becomes aligned with the lens 10, intercepting the beam and reducing the intensity of the light passing through the lens 10 to the phosphorescent screen 13 to zero, as indicated by the portion L of the curve. As the rotation of the shutter 7211 continues, the second open space 76a between the two sectors 73a and 74a becomes aligned with the lens 10 and all of the light passing through the lens 11 and filter 11 is again transmitted to the phosphorescent screen 13 as indicated by the portion M of the curve. When the first sector 73a again becomes aligned with the lens 10, the intensity of light falling on the phosphorescent screen 13 is again reduced to zero, as indicated by the portion N of the curve.

During the interval corresponding to the portion K of the curve, an infrared radiating object from the earth is projected onto the screen 13, the image traversing a path on the screen 13 beginning at P and ending at P forming a first dark trace T thereon and during the interval corresponding to the portion M of the curve, the infra-red radiating object from the earth is again projected onto the screen 13, the image traversing a path beginning at point P and ending at point P forming a second dark trace T thereon, the two dark traces T and T being collinear and forming a linear image pattern on the screen as illustrated in Fig. 8A. If the period during which light is transmitted through the lens 10 and filter 11 to the phosphorescent screen 13 equals the period during which no light is transmitted therethrough, the length of the gap between the traces T and T equals the length of each trace T and T Similar linear image patterns are likewise produced at other parts of the screen 13 along the paths traversed by images from other infra-red radiating earth objects, all of the linear image patterns thus formed being parallel and forming a single composite linear image pattern on the screen 13.

In order to determine ground velocity, the rotation of the shutter 72a is arrested and an image pattern retained on the viewing screen 13 by operation of the control mechanism 93 in the manner hereinabove set forth. The drift indicating lines at of the measuring disc 16 are then aligned with the traces T M and T and the drift angle measured. And then a characteristic dimension of the image pattern such as the length of one of the traces P P or P P or the distance between them P 1 or the distance from the beginning of the first trace to the end of the second P P or more preferably, the distance between the beginnings or endings of the two traces P P or P 1 is measured by means of the speed indicating lines s on the measuring disc 16. a

In the arrangement illustrated in Fig. 613, there is shown a similar shutter 72b comprising two sectors 73b and 74b extending over equal large obtuse angles and separated by equal openings 75b and 76b extending over equal small acute angles complementary to said obtuse angles. In this arrangement the radius of the shutter 72b is preferably such that the aperture of the lens is never entirely closed during the rotation of the shutter 72b, thus causing the percentage of transmitted light to vary during rotation between one hundred percent for a relatively short time and a smaller amount, say, ten percent for a relatively long time. With the arrangement here illustrated, all of the light is transmitted through the lens 16 and filter 11 to the phosphorescent screen 13 for relatively short periods, indicated by the portions K and M and only a small amount of light is transmitted to the phosphorescent screen for the relatively long periods L and N as illustrated in Fig. 7B. In this case, the image of an infra-red radiating object traversing the screen produces dark linear traces extending thereacross with two short darker spots T and T thereon produced at the instants corresponding to the maximum transmission of infra-red radiation to the screen 13 as illustrated in Fig. 8B. In this case, the drift angle is measured in the manner hereinabove explained, and the speed is determined by measuring the distance between the centers of the darker spots T and T in one of the linear traces.

In the arrangement illustrated in Fig. 6C, there is shown still another similar shutter 720 comprising two shutter sectors 73c and 740 extending over equal small acute angles and separated by equal openings 75:: and

76c extending over equal large obtuse angles comple-,

mentary to said acute angles. In this arrangement the radius of the shutter 72c is preferably such that the aperture of the entire lens 10 is periodically closed during the rotation of the shutter 720, thus causing the percentage of transmitted light to vary during rotation between one hundred percent for a relatively long time, and zero for a relatively short time. With the arrangement here illustrated, all of the light is transmitted through the lens 10 and filter 11 to the phosphorescent screen 13 fcrrelatively long periods, indicated by the portions K and M and no light is transmitted to the phosphorescent screen 13 for the relatively short periods L and N In this case, the image of an infra-red radiating object traversing the screen produces two dark linear traces T and T extending thereacross with a small blank space R therebetween produced at the instant L corresponding to no transmission of infra-red radiation to the screen 13. In this case, the drift angle is measured in the manner hereinabove explained, and the speed is preferably determined by measuring the distance between the beginnings or ends of the traces T and T By using a lens 10 composed of quartz, and a filter 11 which will transmit only ultra-violet radiation, and a light source 12 which is adapted to radiate only infra-red radiation, ultra-violet radiation images from the earth may be focused on the phosphorescent screen to produce excitation thereof during the intervals while the shutter is open and in this event linear image patterns of the type illustrated in Figs. 8A, 8B and 8C but comprising a series 12 of collinear bright lines are formed on the phosphorescent screen, and these image patterns are periodically erased by the action of infra-red radiation from the light source 12. A linear dimension and the orientation of this image I on the phosphorescent screen is also measured in the manner hereinabove explained to determine the ground velocity.

It is to be understood that the actual structure of the exposure control system 59 used for automatically timing the exposure of the image screen may be varied in many ways. Under some circumstances, for example, it will be desirable to utilize a shutter having a larger number of sectors or to regulate the speed of rotation so that the shutter completes several rotations during the period required for an image to travel across the viewing screen. In either of these cases image patterns comprising a larger number of aligned traces are obtained. Other types of shutters such as curtain or shutters of the Kerr cell type may also be used, such shutters having the advantage that they permit beginning and terminating image traces more sharply. Similarly other types of altimeters may be used, especially altimeters of the absolute type which have the advantage of requiring no adjustment to compensate for the altitude of the terrain.

In the ground velocity meter illustrated in Fig. 9 and also embodying features of the present invention a photocathode of an image converter is periodically exposed to an optical image of the earths surface, and resultant electron images formed at the photo-cathode are projected onto a screen coated with a persistently fluorescent or other suitable phosphorescent material to produce an image pattern on the screen having a linear dimension corresponding to the ground speed and forming an angle with respect to a datum line on the screen equal to the drift angle. This ground velocity meter comprises an objective lens 106, a shutter 107, an image converter 108, an image inverting reflector 109, an erecting lens 110, a viewing screen 111 comprising, say, frosted glass, a measuring disc 112, and an index 113. Preferably the measuring disc 112 is of the type hereinabove described having a grid of lines thereon including drift or lubber lines and speed lines. However, in this case to compensate for distortion introduced by the image converter 108, the drift and speed lines d and s are slightly bowed as illustrated in Fig. 10.

In this ground velocity meter 105, radiant energy images of earth objects, preferably infra-red images are focused through the objective lens 106 onto a flat photo-cathode 114 of the image converter 108, and the period of exposure of the photo-cathode 114 to such radiant energy images controlled by means of the shutter 107 disposed between the objective'lens 106 and the photo-cathode 114 of the image converter 108. Electrons emitted at various points of the photo-cathode 114 in proportion to the intensity of the light incident thereon are focused on a fluorescent anode or image screen 115 by virtue of the electron focusing properties of an electron lens 116 formed by a cylindrical electrode positioned coaxially between said photo-cathode 114 and said fluorescent anode 115. The focusing properties of such an image converter 108 and the intensity of the image formed are determined, in part, by the geometry of the system and the potentials of batteries 117 and 118. The intensity of the fluorescent image may, in general, be increased by increasing said potentials proportionally.

In the particular embodiment of the invention here shown, the optical axis of the objective lens 106 and the axis of the image converter 108 are mounted on the aircraft in such a position as to be vertical in normal flight, and the erecting lens 110, the viewing screen 111, and the measuring disc 112 are mounted in planes substantially parallel to the surface of the aircraft instrument panel.

The reflecting means 109 which is utilized in order to direct the image pattern appearing on the image screen 115 may comprise a roof angle, or Amici, prism, but

13 preferably comprises two lightweight front surface mirrors 119 forming a dihedral angle of ninety degrees, as shown in Fig. 11, with the line of intersection a-a of the mirrors 119 positioned in such a manner as to reflect the image pattern from the image screen 115 of the image converter 108 onto the viewing screen 111. By utilizing in the image screen 115 a material in which the fluorescence is relatively persistent, streaked images of earth objects are formed on the screen 115.

By opening the shutter 107 for a short time (t) of predetermined length, streaks of objects are formed on the fluorescent viewing screen 115 having limited lengths (I). In this case, the ground speed is given by where h is the height of the craft above the surface as determined in any suitable manner, 1 is the focal length of the objective lens 106, and m is the overall magnification of the portion of the system following the focal plane of the objective lens 1116. The shutter 107 may, if desired, be periodically opened and closed for different periods of time, wherein the open period and the closed period are equal or relatively long or short as desired, in the manner similar to that hereinabove described in connection with Figs. 7A, 7B, and 7C, thus causing corresponding linear image patterns of the general types illustrated in Figs. 8A, 8B, and SC to be rendered visible on the viewing screen 112.

in this form of the invention, due to the action or" the image inverting reflector 1119 and the erecting lens 110, images of earth objects are disposed on the viewing screen 111 in the same relation to each other as they would appear to a pilot looking directly downward at the earth in his normal sitting position. Thus, in this case, during the formation of the image patterns of the types illustrated in Figs. 8A, 8B, and 80, image points appear to move in a general downward direction across the field of View as long as the speed of the aircraft is greater than the speed of the head wind. On the other hand, if the head wind exceeds the air speed of the aircraft, thus causing the aircraft actually to travel backward relative to the earth, the image points formed on the viewing screen appear to move in a general upward direction across the field of view. Thus, by observing the direction in which the traces of the image pattern are formed on the viewing screen, the sense of motion of the aircraft with respect to earth objects may be determined. The angle that the traces make with the normal or vertical axis of the aircraft is the drift angle a. This angle is measured by rotating, in any convenient manner, drift or lubber lines on a measuring disc 112 into a position parallel to said streaks. The drift angle may be read from angular divisions marked on an angular scale attached to the measuring disc, and then the speed is determined by estimating the lengths of the traces with the aid of the speed lines on the measuring disc 112.

in the ground velocity meter illustrated in Fig. 12 and embodying features of the present invention an optical image of the earths surface is projected onto the photocathode of an image converter and the resultant electron image formed at the photo-cathode is periodically projected onto a fluorescent anode in the image converter. In this case the periodic exposure of the anode to the electron image is controlled automatically with a radio altimeter.

More particularly, this ground velocity meter 120 utilizes an image converter 121 comprising a tubular envelope 122 having a convex photo-cathode 123 at one end thereof and a persistently fluorescent flat anode 125 acting as a viewing screen at the other end thereof, an electron lens 124 formed by a cylindrical electrode positioned coaxially between the photo-cathode 123 and the anode 124, and first and second control grids 126 and 127 respectively disposed between the photo-cathode 123 and 14 the electron lens 124 preferably relatively close to the photo-cathode 123. The grids 126 and 127 are preferably in the form of thin wire mesh screens extending across the interior of the envelope 122 and arranged to intercept electron images produced at the photo-cathode 123 and projected toward the electron lens 124. The focusing properties of such an image converter 121 and the intensity of the image formed at the anode 125 are determined, in part, by the geometry of the system and the potentials of the batteries 129 and 130 connected respectively between the cathode 123 and the electron lens 124 and between the electron lens 124 and the anode 125.

The intensity of the image formed at the anode 125 is variedperiodically in the present case by periodic appli cation of suitable voltages to the control grids 126 and 127 in a manner more fully set forth hereinbelow. More particularly, by suitably controlling the biases on the control grids 126 and 127 the electron optical system is rendered effectively transparent or effectively opaque insofar as the projection of electron images from the photocathode 123 onto the fluorescent anode 125 is concerned. Thus the control grids 125 and 127 act as an electrical shutter in the electron optical system of the image converter 121, controlling, in effect, the transmission coefficient of the image converter 121.

This ground velocity meter is provided with an objective lens 132 mounted in such a position that its optical axis is vertical in normal flight. The axis of the image converter 121 is substantially horizontal, readily permitting mounting the fluorescent viewing screen substantially parallel to the surface of an aircraft instrument panel 131 carrying an index 131A. The reflecting means 133 which is utilized in order to direct the optical image from the lens 132 onto the photo-cathode 123 may comprise a roof angle, or Amici, prism but preferably comprises two light-weight front-surface mirrors forming a dihedral angle of ninety degrees, with the line of intersection a-a positioned in such a manner as to reflect the earth image onto the normally vertical photo-cathode 123.

In this ground velocity meter 120 radiant energy images of earth objects, preferably infra-red images, are focused by means of the lens 132 and image inverter 133 onto the photo-cathode 123 of the image converter 121. When the image converter 121 is effectively transparent, electrons emitted at various points on the photo-cathode 123 in proportion to the intensity of the light incident thereon are focused on the fluorescent anode 125 by virtue of the electron focusing properties of the electron lens 124. By utilizing in fluorescent anode 125 a material in which the fluorescence is relatively persistent, streaked images of earth objects are formed on the anode 125. A rotatable measuring disc 128 of the type hereinabove described and provided with suitable drift or lubber lines and with measuring lines is mounted adjacent and parallel to the anode 125.

By utilizing an image inverter 133 for reflecting the optical image onto the photo-cathode 123, the irection made by the streaks on the screen 125 as viewed by a pilot looking toward the instrument panel lies in the same direction in the field of view, as objects on the earth would appear to be moving, if the pilot looked directly downward at the ground beneath him while remaining seated in his normal forward-looking position. Thus the image inverter 133 simplifies the interpretation of the drift indications and facilitates the measurement of ground velocity.

The image converter 121 is rendered effectively transparent or opaque by applying suitable biases to the control grids 126 and 127, said biases being conveniently expressed in terms of the voltage applied to the grids 1'26 and 127 relative to the grounded photo-cathode 123. To render the image converter 121 effectively transparent, two relatively low negative biases are applied to the two control grids, thus permitting substantially all of the electrons emitted from the photo-cathode 123 to pass through varies as a linear function of time. Oscillator 143 is applied through a transmitter 145 to a these grids 126 and 127 through the electric lens 124- onto the anode 125; and to render the image converter 121 effectively opaque, the bias on the first control grid 126 adjacent the photo-cathode 123 is driven to a relatively high positive value and the bias on the second control grid 127 relatively remote from the photo-cathode 123 is driven to a relatively high negative value, thus preventing electrons from passing through the second grid 127 to the electron lens 124 and anode 125 and causing them to be collected on the first grid 126. The biases suitable for this purpose depend on the geometry of the image converter 121 and the voltage applied between the photocathode 123 and the electron lens 124.

- By periodically rendering the image converter 12]. alternately transparent and opaque by application of suitable biases to the control grids 126 and 127, the time interval during which the anode 125 may be exposed to electron images of earth objects, and the time interval during which it may be effectively shut off from exposure to electron images of earth objects, may be controlled in any manner desired. Furthermore the ratio of the periods of transparency and opacity may be made equal, large, or small in the manner hereinabove illustrated in connection with Figs. 7A, 7B, and 7C, thus causing linear image patterns of the general types illustrated in Figs. 8A; 8B, and SC to be rendered visible on the viewing screen 125. Preferably, the periods of effective transparency and opacity of the image converter 121 are made proportional to the altitude of the aircraft in order to cause a dimension of the image pattern formed on the viewing screen 125 to be proportional to the ground speed independently of the altitude.

These periods during which the image converter 121 is transparent and the period during which it is opaque are preferably controlled automatically by means of an absolute altimeter such as a radio altimeter 141 which causes an electronic switch 142 to periodically apply suitable rectangular voltage waves at a frequency that varies inversely as the altitude to the control grids 126 and 127. The radio altimeter 141 comprises a radio fre quency oscillator 143 which is controlled periodically by a frequency modulator 144 whereby the frequency of the signal produced by the oscillator 143 periodically The output of the directional antenna 146' which directs high frequency radio waves downward in a direction parallel to the op tical axis of the lens 132. 'Such radio waves are reflected from the earths surface and returned to the aircraft, where they are picked up by a second directional antenna 147 having an axis parallel to the first direction antenna 146. The radio waves thus picked up are applied through the receiver 148 together with waves locally generated in the oscillator 143, to a mixing circuit 149. The received reflected wave and the locally generated wave differ in frequency in proportion to the altitude of the aircraft. The mixed wave is applied to a rectifier 1541 which demodulates the mixed wave producing a low-frequency wave having a beat frequency equal to the difference in frequency of the received reflected wave and the wave being generated locally at that time by the oscillator 143. As is well known in the art, when the oscillator is periodically modulated as a linear function of time, the beat frequency produced at the output of the rectifier, is constant throughout the major portion of the modulating cycle, and isproportional to the absolute altitude, that is, to the height of the aircraft above the ground. To produce a suitable control signal for my purposes the beat frequency output ofthe rectifier 151i is applied to a frequency measuring circuit 151 which is adapted to produce at its output a voltage corresponding to the altitude.

The electronic switch 142 comprises a sawtooth wave generator 152 and a rectangular wave generator 153.

cuit 151 is applied to the input of the sawtooth wave generator 142 which is adapted to produce at its output signals having a period proportional to the altitude. This output signal is applied to the input of the rectangular Wave generator 153 having first and secondoutput terminals 154 and 155 connected, respectively, to the first and second grids 126 and 127 of the image converter 121. This rectangular .wave generator 153 is adapted to produce two rectangular waves at its output at the frequency of the signal appearing at the output of the sawtooth wave generator 153. With this rectangular wave generator 153 the bias impressed on the first grid 126 is alternately rendered highly positive or slightly negative, in the manner illustrated by the graph associated with the conductor connecting the first terminal 154 to the first grid 126. Simultaneously the bias impressed on the second grid 127 is alternately rendered highly negative or slightly negative in the manner illustrated by the graph associated with the conductor connecting the second terminal 152 to the second grid 127. Thus, it will be noticed that the first grid 126 is highly positive at the same time that the second grid 127 is highly negative, and both grids are slightly negative at the same time, thus causing the image converter 121 to be rendered alternately opaque and transparent.

A sawtooth wave generator suitable for my purposes is illustrated in Fig. 13. This sawtooth wave generator 152 comprises a pentode 159 having a cathode 154 and an anode 155, and a signal grid 156, a screen grid 157 and a suppressor grid 158 arranged in the order named between the cathode 154 and the anode 155. The control grid 156 and the suppressor grid 158 are connected through first and second biasing batteries 160 and 161, respectively, to suitable corresponding points of an input resistance 162 providing a voltage divider between the input of the sawtooth wave generator 152 and the oathode 154 of the pentode 159. The anode 155 is connected through a pulse amplitude control circuit to a battery 171. The amplitude control circuit 170 comprises a glow tube 172 and a condenser 173 connected in parallel. The screen grid 157 is connected through a resistance 174 to the positive terminal of the battery 171. In operation, when a voltage is applied to the input of the sawtooth wave generator 152, the full voltage is applied to the suppressor grid 158 and a fraction thereof is applied to the signal grid 156, causing the current flowing from the anode 155 through the control circuit 170 and the battery 171 to the cathode 154 to be inversely proportional to the voltage applied to the input. Thus the voltage. across the condenser 173 is changed at a rate inversely proportional to the voltage applied to. the input of the sawtooth wave generator 152. Periodically when the voltage across the condenser 173 reaches the ignition voltage of the glow tube 172, the condenser 173 is discharged through the glow tube 172, thus causing a sawtooth Wave voltage to appear in the anode 155 of the pentode 153 and hence at the output of the sawtooth wave generator 152. Inasmuch as the voltage applied to the input of the sawtooth wave generator 152 from the. output of the frequency measuring circuit 151 is proportional .to the altitude of the aircraft, the period of the sawtooth wave produced at the output of the sawtoothwave generator 152 is also proportional to the altitude of the aircraft and the image converter 121 is rendered alternately transparent and opaque for periods proportional to the altitude. Preferably the frequency of the waves generated in the sawtooth wave generator 152 is much lower than the beat frequency applied to the frequency measuring circuit 151 and is also preferably lower than the frequency of operation of the frequency modulator 144. i

In operation, during the intervals that the image converter121 is transparent, linear image traces are formed on the fluorescent anode of the image converter 121,

these image traces fading away successively to permit viewing of other image traces subsequently formed on the fluorescent anode 125. The angle that these traces make with the normal or vertical axis of the aircraft is the drift angle and the lengths of these linear traces is proportional to the ground speed of the aircraft. While at least one of these linear traces is visible on the anode 125 the drift angle may be readily measured by rotating the drift lines of the disc 128 into position parallel to the linear trace and the speed may be determined by. measuring the length of the trace by means of the speed measuring lines disposed on the measuring disc transversely to the drift lines in the manner previously explained.

In a practical embodiment of the invention illustrated in Fig. 14, the ground speed meter hereinabove illustrated in Fig. 12 is so modified as to provide'either for retaining images on a viewing screen for a relatively short time to permit continuous viewing of the terrain over which the aircraft is flying or for retaining images of earth objects on the screen for a relatively long time to permit formation thereon of image patterns of the types hereinaboye described and is also so modified to permit retention of such an image pattern on the viewing screen to facilitate measurement thereof and to prevent other image patterns from interfering with the measurements.

In this ground speed meter 299 the anode 125:: of the image converter 121a comprises both a fluorescent material and a phosphorescent material having different threshold voltages, the threshold voltage of the phosphorescent material being greater than that of the fluorescent material. In this way, a screen is provided that has a controllable image retention time that is either short or long depending upon the energy of the electrons projected toward the screen. The phosphorescent material employed for this purpose is capable of remaining excited for a period, such as a few seconds or many minutes or even longer, that is long compared with the persistence time of vision. And the fluorescent material employed for this purpose is incapable of remaining excited for such a period and is preferably of a type that does not remain noticeably excited at all after the exciting radiation is removed or if it does remain excited, the excitation persists for a time less than the persistence time of vision. Thus images formed by the phosphorescent material are retained sufliciently long to enable the user to make measurements thereon but images formed by the fluorescent material are retained for such a short time that continuous viewing of the terrain is possible. In the form shown, phosphorescent material is deposited as a layer 301 on the end face 300 at the anode end of the image converter 121a, inert material is deposited as a layer 302 over the layer 301 of phosphorescent material, and fluorescent material is deposited as a layer 303 over the layer 302 of inert material. Thus, the anode 125a comprises three layers at the viewing end of the image converter 121a, the layers of fluorescent material and inert material 302 and 303 effectively shielding the layer 301 of phosphorescent material from relatively low voltage electrons projected to the anode 125a. In order to permit selective energization of the respective layers 301 and 303 of fluorescent and phosphorescent materials, the photo-cathode 123 and the anode 125a are connected to opposite terminals of a potential divider 310 including two resistances and the electron lens 124 is connected to the junction between the two resistances. The accelerating voltage to which electrons are subjected between the cathode 123 and the anode 125a is controlled by selectively connecting either one or two batteries respectively across the potential divider 310 by movement of. a battery switch S to either position 1 or position 2. Thus, when the battery switch S is in position 1, a single battery 313 is connected across the potential divider 310 and electrons in the electron image formed at the photo-cathode 123 are accelerated to a relatively low voltage between the photo-cathode 123 and the anode a permitting the electrons to penetrate the layer 303 of fluorescent material but not the layer 301 of phosphorescent material, and thus rendering the image formed on the viewing screen 125a visible for only a relatively short time. When the image converter 121 is thus operated, observation of individual images of objects in the terrain over which the aircraft is flying is possible. Similarly, with the battery switch S in position 2, two batteries 313 and 314 are connected in series across the potential divider 310, and electrons in the electron image formed at the photo-cathode 123 are accelerated to a relatively high voltage between the photo-cathode 123 and the anode 125a permitting electrons to penetrate through the layer 303 of fluorescent material and through the layer 302 of inert material into the layer 301 of phosphorescent material and thus rendering the image formed on the viewing screen visible for a relatively long time. When the image converter 121a is thus operated the formation of image patterns on the viewing screen 125a having dimensions indicative of the velocity of the aircraft relative to an earth object over which the aircraft is flying is possible.

Within the envelope 122 of the image converter 121a adjacent the anode 125a end thereof, there is disposed a circularly shaped infra-red radiator 315, which is operative to erase image patterns formed on the phosphorescent screen in a manner more fully set forth hereinbelow. Such an infrared radiator may be one of the type described hereinabove.

A grid bias control supply circuit 320 is provided, including a battery 321 with positive and negative terminals thereof respectively connected to the movable arms of first and second bias control switches S and S In position 1, these two switches S and S; are connected to opposite ends of a first potential divider 322, the end of the potential divider 322 associated with the first switch S being grounded. In position 2, these two switches S and S are connected to opposite ends of a second potential divider 323 the center tap of which is grounded.

When the first control relay 331 is in its operated condition that is when its armature coil 333 is energized, the first and second upper contacts 334- and 335 respectively of the first control relay 331 are closed, permitting appropriate interconnections to be made between the positive and negative terminals respectively of the second potential divider 323 and the first and second control grids 126 and 127 respectively of the image converter 121a. Thus when the armature coil 333 of said first control relay 331 is energized and the grid control switches S and S are in position 2 a fixed positive bias is applied to the first control grid 126 of the image converter 121a and a fixed negative bias is applied to the second control grid 127 of the image converter 121a. 'l" he values of the biases thus applied to the control grids 126 and 127 are so selected that electrons emitted from the photo-cathode are prevented from passing through the second control grid 127 but are collected on the first control grid 126. A first grid switch 8;; having its movable element connected to the first grid 126 is connected in position 1 to a slide contact 325 on the first potential divider 322 and in position 2 is normally connected through the first lower contacts 330 of a first control relay 331 to the first output terminal 154 of the rectangular wave generator 153. A second grid switch S having its movable element connected to the second grid 127 is connected in position 1 to a slide contact 326 on the first potential divider 322 and in position 2 is normally connected through the second lower contacts 332 of the first control relay 331 to the second output terminal 155 of the rectangular wave generator 153.

When the first control relay 331 is in its normal condition, that is when its armature coil 333 is de-energized, the first and second lower contacts 330 and 332 of the first control relay 33:11 are closednpermitting :appropriate interconnections to be made between the first and second output' terrninals 154 and 155 of the rectangular wave generator 153 and the control grids 126. and 127 of the image converter 121a to permit periodic rendering of the image converter 121a alternately effectively transparentland effectively opaque, the manner hereinabove explained in connection with the description of the ground velocity meter 12! illustrated in Fig. 12.

A pulse generator 350, a frequency divider 351 and a delay network 352 are connected in tandem in the order named between the outputofthe sawtooth wave generator 152 and a relay coil"353 of a second control r x Thes cph s nt o a 35 has pp nd lower normally open contacts 356 and 355, respectivelyl 'The first {control relay 33 1 has a pair of holding, or

ative when in position 2. The lower contacts 355 of thesecond control relay 354 are in parallel with the u sticking contacts-336 of the firstcontrol relay 331. The upper contacts 356 of the second control relay 354 are included in an eraser circuit 359 in series with a battery 360, the infra-red radiator 315, a second manually operable switch S and a control switch S The control switch S7 is arranged to permit; closing of the eraser circuit 359 when its movableelement is in'position 2 and to open it when inposition 1. The second stop switch S operates to render the eraser circuit 359 inoperative when ,in positionl and to condition the eraser circuit 359 for operation when in position 2. The first stop switch .5 .inithe sticking circuit 337 and the second stop switch S in the eraser circuit 359v are ganged to permit selective which 'is'a subharmonic of the frequency f of the rec;

tangular' 'voltage Waves generated by the rectangular wave generator153. The constants of the delay'network 352 are so selected that the contacts 355 and- 356 of the secondcontrol relay 354 are closed periodically'during "aninterval'when the image converter 1221a is effectively opaque. Furthermore, the constants of the entire apparatus are preferably so selected that the image of a single earth object" may travel across the viewing screen 125a to either position 1 or position ZF When'Rthese'gaiiged switches are in p'osition 1',the*firs't andse'c'ond control grids '126 and 127' 'areisuitablyvnegative'ly biased toper- I 'rnit continuous't'ransmission' ofelec'tro'n imagest'formed '."material but. not the'layer 301 ofphosphorescenfrnate- 011' thephotocathode 123 to theauode"125a.' "With"the switches in this-position; the electron irnage'transmitted to the anode125apenetrates the layer 3030f fluorescent I rial; thuspe'rmittingcontinuous viewing an'd examination or the terrain over whichthe' aircraft flying. However, when these ganged switches are 'in'position"2"elec- 1512541 with 'suflicient energy to penetrate through; the layer cathode 123 are periodically transmitted totheanode 3% of fluorescent material andjthroughthelayer'fiil of inertmaterial into the layer 301' of phos horescent material, thus causing image -patterns to be periodically formed on the viewin'g's'creeri 125a in ther'nanner' hereinaboveexplained in connection with Fig. 121""These .images are formed and the'feraser is'operated at intervals that arelongf'compared with the persistence time of "Vision but are short compared with the time interval for "which the screen'i's capable of retaining the images for observation.

" To permit retention of an image pattern on th'e'viewing screen 125a to facilitate the measurementof'ground velocity the stop switches 85 and S3 are mov'edpto" position 1, thus conditioning the Sticking circuit 337 associated'with the first control'relay 3 31 and at the same time rendering the eraser circuit 359 inoperative." "With the stop switches S .and 8 in position. l, the next time that a" pulse is applied to the coil '353 of the second. control relay 354, the lower contacts 3550f the second control relay 354- close, thuscornpleting the "sticking-circuit 337 and energizing the'coil 333 of the first coiitrol .simultaneous movement of the two stop switches to position1ortoposition 2.

Due .to,the..action of the frequency divider 351, the second control relay operates periodically atratfrequency p relay. Upon energization' of this'coil 333' thefirs't control relay 331 operates,thereby connecting the'firsfgrid 126 of. the image converter 121a through the'first upper contacts'334 to the positive terminal of said potential "divider" 323' and connecting rthe'seco'n'dgi'id 121" through the second upper contacts 335 to the'negative 'ter'n'iinal of the potential divider 323 andsi'rnultan'eou'sly' closing the' sticking contacts 336; The'closing or the-sticking contacts 336 causes the first control re1ayf co'il'l331 to remain jen'ergized as 'long as thesto'p switches 'Sgfand Sg remain in position '1, and accordingly'causes the image converter 12111 to retain the image patternformed thereon fora long time such asrnany minutes or'ev'en'longer in the interval between successive operations 'of the sec- "0nd control relay 354. Thus; this ground speed meter 299 is "capable offorming'on the 'viewing'screen 125a n aligned linear tracesfrom the image of a single earth object between successive operations of the second control 'relay'354, forming an imagepattern thereon having a characteristic dimension and orientationwhich may be measured in the manner hereinabove described to determine the ground velocity of'the aircraft. Image patterns formed in successive intervals between the instants control relay 354 by virtue of the fact that when the second control relay 354 is operated, the infra-red radiator 3ll5 is energized and a phosphorescent image previously formed on the viewing screen 125a quenched.

Considering now the operation of the ground speed of operation of the second control relay 354 are period- I; ically erased at theinstant of operation of the second and renders the image converter 1212ieffectivelyfopaque so that no interfering image pattern is formed "on the viewing screen'125a. A'ch'ara'cteris'tic dimensiono'f the image pattern thus retained on the screen1125aan'd its orientatioi'i thereon are then measufed 'with the'aid of themea'suring disc 128 in "the manner vhereinbef'ore set forth;' "After this"measurement"is made per'iodidoper- 'at'ion'of the image converter llldisresumed by'rnoving the stop switches S and S to position 2.

The ground speed meters 120" and"'299' describejd in connection with Figs. 12 and 'l4imaybe"modified, if

desired, by substituting a mechanical exposure control 1 system 59 of the type described in connectidfiwith Fig.

4 for the electrical exposure "control 'systerrrincluding the control grids 126 and '127 of 'theimage converters 1'21 and 12121. "Many other modifications 'mayber'nade in "these ground speed m'eters' without "depahtin gffrorn th'etruespirit and scope'iof the invention; -Inpa'rtic,ular, it will be appreciated that the principles ihvolv'ed in the forniati'onbf electron images "'at the"photo'-'cathodfe of *meter 299'whei1 thestop-switches S andS are in position 2, it is to be noted that the battery'switch S the i bias control switches S S the grid switches S and -3 and -the eraser control switch S are-ganged to'facilitate selective movement-of all of these thefi'mage converters 121 andllh: andthetran'smission of these Iel'ectron "images to 'as'uitable" fluorescent or phosphorescent screen may be carried 'out""with" other types of-app aratus such as apparatus. of the' 'tele ision 7 type. In'this case; the'photo cathodedr *otlieritphoto *ganged'switcli'es sensitive screen and thefiuore'scent or' phosphor'escent 21 screen are included in individual envelopes and an electrical link is provided between the two for transferring the electron image formed on the photo-cathode to the viewing screen.

The screen 115 of Fig. 9, the screen 125 of Fig. 12, and the phosphorescent layer 301 of Fig. 14 are of the cascade type when very long image persistence or retention times are required. A cascade type screen or layer is composed of two types of phosphors. One type of phosphor emits short wave length radiation such as blue, violet, or ultra-violet radiation when excited by accelerated electrons. The second type of phosphor emits visible radiation such'as green, yellow or orange light when excited by such short wave length radiation. By exciting the second phosphor in this way, instead of only by accelerated electrons, longer persistence is achieved.

Phosphors which are of the first type and which emit short Wave length radiation when excited by accelerated electrons have long been well known, and include, for example, standard P5, P11 and P15 phosphors which have peak fluorescent emission at 4300 A., 4600 A., and 3700 A. respectively. Phosphors which are of the second type and which are excited by short wavelength radiation and have long persistence times have also been well known for a long time and include many zinc sulphide phosphors. A zinc sulphide phosphor that contains traces of activating impurities such as copper is especially suitable for achieving the desired retentivity. Many of such activated phosphors, especially those which contain traces of poisons such as nickel, cobait, or iron may be readily deexcited by selective exposure to infra-red radiation.

Accordingly, a phosphorescent cascade screen com posed of a layer of a phosphor of the first type deposited on a layer of a phosphor of the second type is employed when images are to be formed by means of accelerated electrons and the images are to be retained for a long time. The latter layer comprises a phosphor which is of the second type and which is deexcited by exposure to infra-red radiation, when such images are to be erased with infra-red radiation. Thus the phosphorescent layer 115, 125, or 301 is made in the form of such a multiplelayer cascade screen when such long persistence and erasing are desired. Of course, when continuous viewing is not also desired, the inner layer 302 and the fluorescent layer 303 are omitted.

If desired, the objective lenses and associated image forming apparatus of the ground speed meters may be mounted on a platform which is stabilized gyroscopically --or in some other manner in order to avoid difficulties .arising from pitching, banking, or yawing of the aircraft. Difficulties arising from these sources may also be eliminated by arresting the operation of the exposure control system during such times in the flight of the aircraft that the image patterns formed are free of such errors.

In view of the foregoing description of various ground velocity meters constructed and operated in accordance with the principles of my invention, it is clear that the ground speed meters described are capable of many alterations and modifications to meet different practical requirements.

For example, it will now be clear to those skilled in the art that other types of materials capable of being excited and deexcited or otherwise changed and restored in other ways may also be employed in practicing my invention. Furthermore, my invention may be employed for other purposes than ground speed measurement, and may also be employed in connection with other types of images than those specifically described herein. Thus, while my invention has been described in terms of certain elements and features in specific combinations which are now considered to represent the best embodiments of my invention, it is to be understood that some of them may be combined in other specific ways or replaced by similar elements, and some may be omitted altogether without departing from the true spirit and scope of my invention.

I claim as my invention:

1. In a device for measuring ground speed of an aircraft, the improvement which comprises a phosphorescent screen adapted to emit radiation for a substantial period greater than a predetermined time interval after being exposed to an image, and means including a shutter for forming on said screen persistent streaks of a length corresponding to the ground speed of the aircraft by exposing said screen for a period shorter than said predetermined time interval to an image of the earth over which an aircraft is flying.

2. In an image forming system, the combination of: a 7

screen on which may be formed an image of decaying intensity, said screen being adapted to retain such an image for a prolonged period, means for forming an image of a distant moving object and means for forming a persistent streaked image of such object on the screen of a length corresponding to the speed of the object by exposing said screen to the first above mentioned image for a predetermined time interval less than said prolonged period.

3. In an instrument for navigation of a craft utilizing a screen comprising a material having a characteristic which may be temporarily changed for a prolonged period by exposure to an image, the improvement which comprises means for producing on said screen a linear pattern of simultaneously existing image points of temporarily changed characteristic, having a characteristic length related to the speed of said craft by intermittently exposing said screen for predetermined time intervals less than said prolonged period to an image of an object With respect to which said craft is moving, each image point being representative of said object, and means for measuring said characteristic length of said linear pattern.

4. An aircraft navigation instrument comprising a screen capable of retaining an image for a limited time duration, means for receiving energy from a distant object, periodically operating means cooperating with said means for producing on said screen a linear image pattern having a characteristic length indicative of the speed of the aircraft by translating the energy received from said object at successive times in a predetermined time interval less than said limited time duration to form a corresponding succession of spaced images at said screen, and means for measuring the characteristic length of said image pattern.

5. An aircraft navigation instrument comprising a screen capable of retaining an image for a prolonged period, said screen having a datum line associated therewith, means for receiving energy from a distant object relative to which the aircraft is moving, means for producing on said screen a linear image pattern of simultaneously existing images of said object and having a characteristic length indicative of the speed of the aircraft and an orientation with respect to said datum line indicative of the drift of the aircraft by projecting the energy received from said object at successive times in a predetermined time interval shorter than said prolonged period as a corresponding succession of aligned images onto said screen, and means for measuring the characteristic length and the orientation of said image pattern as an indication of the velocity of said aircraft.

6. An aircraft navigation instrument comprising a screen formed of a material having a physical characteristic which is changeable in one direction upon exposure to radiation of a first kind and in the reverse direction upon exposure to radiation of a second kind, image forming means for forming an image of a distant object, said image comprising radiation of said first kind, means for forming an image pattern on said screen of simultaneously existing images of said object and having a characteristic dimension indicative of the speed ofthe aircraft by i'enering said image forming means' operative to -sequentially project'a succession of images of said object onto said screen during a predetermined time interval=less than the period for which said screen is capable ofre'maining 'ichanged in said one direction', whereb'y said physical char- "fia'cteristic is changed in said-onedirection atsuccessive ,spaced-points of said screen onto-whieh saidiniages are successively projected, and-means=inclnding a souroe of radiation of said-second' kind for-:ehanging 'said physical *"cha-racte'risticin the reversedirection whereby. said image -patterniserasedfrom said screen. aircraftnavigation-1instrument-comprising a screen formed of a material having fa physicab-chairac v teristic which may be changed from 'atlirstco'ndition to -a secondcondition by exposure to radiation in a first wave length range and from the second condition' to the firstcondition by exposure .to radiation in a second wave -lengthrange,image-forming-means adapted to' form an image of"a'distantobject,"said image comprisingiradia' "tion in said first wave length range,--means for forming I animage pattern on said-sc'reen-of simultaneously existing images of said objectand *having'a characteristic dimension indicative of the speed of- -the aircraft relative to said object by rendering said image forming-meaiis operative to sequentially project asuccession-of images of saidobjectonto said screen during =a--predetermined 1 time interval less than the period for which said-screen is capable ofremaining changed insaid one --direc; tion whereby said physical characteristic is changedfror'n said first :condition to said secondcondition at successive spaced points of said'screenonto which :said images are successively projected, mea1is-for-meas- -uring the characteristic dimension of' saidimage pat: tern, and means-including asource of radiation insaid second wavelength range for restoring saidphysieal characteristic to itsfirst condition thereby erasing said image Y pattern from said screen.

8.-An aircraft navigation instrument comprising a screen capable of retaining an image for a prolonged period, means for-'receivingenergy from a distant objeet; image producing means for producingon said screen 1 apattern of simultaneously existingspaced images of said object, which pattern hasa characteristic dimension in dicativ'e of the speed of the aircraft by translating the energy received from said object-at successive times in a --predetermined time intervalless-thansaid-prolonged period into a corresponding succession of spaced-images at said-screen whereby a pattern of simultaneously observable spaced images is produced thereonhaving-L-a characteristic dimension indicative'of the speed'of the aircraft,- image-erasing means operative to erasesaid a image pattern-from said S r wommon control device for renderingsaid" imagc producing means and' said image :erasingmeans successively operative, and means for measuring said characteristic-dimension of said image oftspacedrimagesithatiexcite.said screen whereby-a pat- ;..tern ofsimultaneously :observable spaced images is produced thereon having a characteristiodimension indicative of thespeed'ofthe aircraft, imageerasing means :operative to erase rsuch an image pattern from said screen, a common I control device for alternately Tendering said imageiproducing means and said image-erasing means -periodically"operative whereby such an-image pattern is periodically: formed on said screen and-erased therefrom insi each 2 cycle of operation; independentlycontroll able means cooperatin'g with said -control device-for effectively arresting the ope'ration or said-image erasing meansafter 55:42:24 i said-'imagmmrming-means=has operated in-la selected cycle oi opcration to' permit-retention ot" such an image apattern on said-=-screen, and meansfor rneasuring saidcharacteristic dimension of said retained imagespattern. 5 1 e10. --In an" aircraft navigation" instrument ascreen capable of-=retaining an imagefor a prolonged .period means for receiving-energyfrom a distant objecn-rimage -producing means operative'to translate-the energyreceived from saidobject -at-successive times in an intervalless than said prolonged periodadnto a corresponding succession of spaced images that excite said screen; whereby 1/ apatof simultaneously-obsetvable=spaced images isprod uced on said screen having 'acharacteristic dimension indicative of-the speed "of the-aircraft ,--image erasing-means operative to erase said-=image-pattern -from said screen, first and second control means respectively. associated with said image producing means and said image'era'sing r means, a common control device adapted tot. alternately operate said *first andsecond-control -means, --mastercontro1=means-havingoperated and restored positions, means 'responsive toimovement of said master control means to its restored-position for rend i a aid first and second ---control --means-subject to the control of'said common --controldevice-whereby :animage pattern is periodically formed on -saidscreem and erased therefrom,-means responsi-ve to 'movement ofsaid master control means to itsoperated positionfor-rendering said-erasingmeans in- -.--operatiye-.- and for conditioning said-first control; means and-'meansresponsive -to subsequent operation of' said *secondwont-rol mea'ns for -rendering said image producing means *fiIlOPGI'fltil/C' whereby such an image-pattern 'is' 'retainedoms-aid-screen.

11. In an aircraft navigation instrument a screen-capable of retainingan image for a prolonged period,- "means for-receiving energy froma distant object, image produci-ng means "operative-to translate the energy received from said-object -at-successi-ve times into a: corresponding succession of spaced images atsaid-screen-whereby apat- --tern of simultaneously observable imagesis'formed there- 40- on,--image-erasing means operative to erase" said image pattern f rom said screen, first and second controlmeans --res'pectivel-y--- associated with said'image producing means -andsaid image erasing -means,--a common control device including an altimeter adapted toalternately operate said l irst andsecondcontrolmeansperiodically at a-frequency inversely--proportional to the ;altitude, master control means having operated and restored positions, means responsive'to movementof'said master control means to its restored position forrendering said first andsecond --control means--subject to thecontrol of said common ;---contr,ol--device'whereby an image pattern is periodically producedonsaid screen having'a dimension proportional 'to the speed of the'aircraft and periodically erased therefrom, means-responsiveto movement of said master control;means to its-operated position for rendering said ---*erasmg-means--inoperative and for conditioning said first control means, and means responsive to subsequent operation of' said second control means for rendering said image 'forming means-inoperative,- Wherebysuch angimage pattern'is retained on said screen.

12-. Aninstrument for-aerialnavigation comprising: a screen-capable of retaining an'image 'for a prolonged period, means for receiving energy from a distant: object, means fortranslating -energy-receivedfron'r said object into' a succession of spaced images at said screen during an intervalaless than saidprolonged period, -means for forming-on said screen alinear pattern or -simultaneously a existing spaced imageswhich pattern has a characteristic length indicative-of the speed-of said objectby periodi- '70' .cally f interrupting the translation of suchenergy into images;- and -means for -measuring said -characteristic length. a

' i=3:-In aircraft-navigation,the-method-comprising cre- -='---;=atingin--'a measured-time interval a; successionof fugitive n' s' -imagesof anearth-object *relative to' which 'the aircraft is moving, retaining a series of such images for a limited time duration greater than said measured time interval thereby producing a linear pattern of simultaneously observable spaced images having a characteristic length corresponding to the speed of the aircraft relative to the earth object, and measuring the characteristic length of the image pattern as an indication of the speed of the craft relative to the earth object.

14. In a method of measuring the speed of a distant object moving relative to a position from which said measurement is being made, the steps of receiving energy from said object at said position, converting the energy received in a measured time interval into a succession of fugitive images of said object while it is moving relative to said position, retaining a series of such images for a limited time duration greater than said measured time interval thereby producing a linear pattern of simultaneously observable spaced images having a characteristic length corresponding to the speed of said object that is moving relative to said position, and measuring said characteristic length that corresponds to the speed of said object relative to said position to determine such speed.

15. In an aircraft navigation instrument, a screen having a controllable image retention period that is either short or long, means operative to form on said screen a succession of images of a distant object, and means for selectively controlling the image retention period of said screen for presenting a succession of instantaneously observable images of said object on said screen when the retention period thereof is short and for presenting a succession of simultaneously observable images of said object on said screen when the retention period thereof is long, and means for measuring the relative position of images formed on said screen.

16. In an aircraft navigation instrument, a screen having a controllable image retention period that is either short or long, image forming means operative to form on said screen a succession of images of a distant object, control means selectively operative to set the image retention period of said screen for presenting a succession of instantaneously observable images of said object on said screen when the image retention period thereof is short and for presenting a succession of simultaneously observable images of said object on said screen when the image retention period thereof is long, and means operative when the image retention period is long for operating said image forming means through a measured time interval whereby a succession of simultaneously observable images presented by said screen forms an image pattern having a characteristic dimension indicative of the speed of the aircraft.

17. In an aircraft navigation instrument, a screen, an altimeter adapted to develop a voltage corresponding to the altitude of an aircraft, a signal generator comprising amplifying means including a pair of control electrodes of different characteristics and an output circuit controlled thereby, means for applying the voltage developed by said altimeter in predetermined proportions to said electrodes whereby signals are developed in said output circuit at a frequency that varies as an inverse function of the altitude, and means controlled by said output circuit for exposing said screen to an image of a distant object at said frequency whereby an image pattern is formed on said screen having a dimension indicative of the speed of the aircraft.

18. In an aircraft navigation instrument, a screen, an altimeter adapted to develop a voltage corresponding to the altitude of an aircraft, an impulse generator comprising amplifying means including a pair of control electrodes of different characteristics and a discharge circuit controlled thereby, means for applying the voltage developed by said altimeter in predetermined proportions to said electrodes whereby said circuit discharges at a frequency that varies as an inverse function of the altitude, and means controlled by the output of said circuit for exposing said screen to an image of a distant object at said frequency whereby an image pattern is formed on said screen having a dimension indicative of the speed of the aircraft.

19. In a system for forming an image of an object located in a distant object field, a screen capable of retaining an image for a time interval exceeding a prolonged period that is long compared with the persistence time of vision, image producing means for receiving energy from such a distant object field and operative to project an image of said object field during a predetermined time interval less than said prolonged period onto said screen to form a corresponding persistent image thereon, such projection occurring along an axis that bears a fixed relationship to said screen, image erasing means including a source of radiation arranged to simultaneously expose all parts of said screen and operative to erase such image from said screen, and means for rendering. said image producing means and said image erasing means alternately operative at intervals long compared with the persistence time of vision for relatively long and relatively short periods respectively.

20. In an image forming system, a screen capable of retaining an image for a prolonged period, means for receiving energy from a distant object, image producing means operative to translate the energy received from said object into a corresponding image on said screen, image erasing means operative to erase such an image from said screen, a common control device for alternately rendering said image producing means and said image erasing means periodically operative whereby such an image is periodically formed on said screen and erased therefrom in each cycle of operation, and independently controllable means cooperating with said control device for effectively arresting the operation of said image erasing means after said image forming means has operated in a selected cycle of operation to permit retention of such an image on said screen.

21. In an image forming system, an evacuated envelope having a screen capable of retaining an image for a prolonged period; image producing means comprising an electrode structure including a source of cathode rays in said envelope operative to form a persistent image on said screen; image erasing means operative to erase such a persistent image from said screen; a common control device for rendering said electrode structure and said image erasing means periodically operative at different times whereby such a persistent image is periodically formed on said screen and erased therefrom in each cycle of operation; and independently controllable means cooperating with said control device for effectively arresting the operation of said image erasing means after said image forming means has operated in a selected cycle of operation to permit retention of such an image on said screen.

22. In an image forming system, a screen capable of retaining an image for a prolonged period, means for receiving energy from a distant object, image producing means operative to translate the energy received from said object into a corresponding image on said screen, image erasing means operative to erase said image from said screen, first and second control means respectively associated with said image producing means and said image erasing means, a common control device adapted to alternately operate said first and second control means, master control means having operated and restored positions, means responsive to movement of said master control means to its restored position for rendering said first and second control means subject to the control of said common control device whereby an image is periodically formed on said screen and erased therefrom, means responsive to movement of said master control means to its operated position for rendering said erasing means inoperative and for conditioning said first control means, and means responsive to subsequent operation of said means operative t eraSe such a persistent image from said screen, first and second control means =respectively associated with,saidelectrode'structureand said;,image erasing; means, a common control deviceadaptedto.:altercontrol rneans having operated EHd- ISlIQIQd positions, means -,responsive to movement of said masteracontrol means to its restored position for rendering said-first. and second control ,means, subject to the control ofrsaidicomfor-,rned onsaicl screen and erasedtherefrom, means responsive to movement of said master control means to a; i t s;op,erated position for rendering saiderasing means inoperative and, for conditioning said first control means, andcmeans responsive to subsequent operation of said: ("SQCQBGQCDHU'O1 meansfor renderings'aid-image producing means inoperative whereby such'a persistent image is rerained: on said screen.

24; In, an image forming system, an envelope'having a screentherein. composed of a material that ischaracterized by:b ec oming excited under the influence of electron bombardment and is characterized by remaining excited for: time interval exceeding a prolonged period that is' long;,;c ompared with the persistence time of vision after suchbombardment is discontinued andv that isalsochar-: acterized by becoming de-excited by subsequent exposure to electromagnetic radiation of a selected wavelength range, said envelope having a'transparentportion in the wall thereof-for viewing said screen, image forming means at,,-a position thereinremote from said, screen for bombarrling said screen with accelerated, electrons forforming a: persistent image that is observable all at onetime ;over an extended area of said screen for longer than said prolonged period, and means including a source of :such

-radiation arranged within said envelope between said' screenand said electron source to flood all parts of said area of said screen simultaneously with such radiation at the end of said prolonged period for erasing such a .persis,tent image.

.i' .25; In an image forming system, an lenvelope having a screen.therein composed of a material that is characterized by becoming visibly'modified under the influence offlele'ctron bombardment and is characterized by remaining so modified for a prolonged period after such bom-.

bardment is discontinued and that is also characterized .--by becoming restored by subsequent exposure to electroaa-magnetic radiation of a selected wavelength range; a cnsource of such radiation; means for bombarding said screen with accelerated electrons to form a persistent;

mimagenthat issimultaneously visible over an extended area of said screen and for simultaneously rendering said source inoperative; and means for rendering said source operative whereby said persistent image is erased and ,wfor simultaneously suppressing the bombardment of. said;

screen by accelerated electrons.

26; In an image forming system, a screen composed of amaterial that is characterized by becoming visibly modified upon exposure to accelerated electrons and is characterized by remaining so modified for aprolonged;

eompr-ising--an electrode structure including acathodfe;

bombard-different parts of said screen, image erasing,

, nately operate said first and second control means, master 5' mon; control device whereby an, image is periodically -;including:a source of electrons arranged in said envelope :rcoperative toexpose said screen tov acceleratedz electrons .to form a persistent; image over an, extended area oijsaid :11; screen; a first voltage sourcegassociated;withsaidyelec- ;-;tr ode structure fora eiie'cting the. exposure of .s'aidiscreen to accelerated electrons; a second voltageisourcevassociated with said radiation source; a first means'forg applying voltages from said first voltage source tOyHHChI'CmOV' I ing such voltages from said electrode SUUCfllEQfQIRSBlGC- tively; causingand suppressing .such exposure of said screen to' accelerated electrons; anda second means for connecting and disconnecting said radiatiornvsourceawith said second: voltage source :for selectively; retainingjand erasing such persistent. images.

27. An image forming system as-defined in=-clairn}; 26

comprising cyclically. operating means for synchronously changing the conditions of both said first means ,andjs'aid second means torepeatedly form persistent images-mu 1 tron bombardment and is -:characterized by remaining excited for a time intervalpexceeding a prolonged period that is -longcompared with-the persistence time 0f ;VjS,i0Il after ;suchbombardment is. discontinued: and that isaalso characterized by .becoming- -dev-excited by: subsequent-exposure to electromagnetic radiation of a selected-wave- .xlengthrange, said envelope having atransparent-portion in the wall thereof for viewing said screen, image forming means for bombardingsaidscreenwith accelerated electrons to form a persistent imagecthat is observable all at-one time over an extended area of said screen, a source of such radiation arranged to flood all parts of. saidarea of said screensimultaneously, erasing meansafor energizing said source to erase said image, control means for automatically periodically operating said imagestornring means and said erasing means at different times thatare spaced apart by such a prolonged period'for periodically forming and erasing such a persistent image, and means tfor suspending operation of said control-means to retain ,such a persistentvisible image for observation tor-such a time interval.

30. -An image forming system as defined inrclainr 29 comprising-means forinitiating resumption of operation of. said control means after its operation:- has. been-.sus-

:pended and while said. persistent image is visible.

31. In a method of reprodncingand observing; an

7 image of a distant object field by means of a screen com- 1 posed ofa material-adapted to remainamodified-ifor a timeexceeding a prolonged periodthat is longcompared with the persistence time of vision after beingbombarded by accelerated electrons and adapted to berestored by exposure to quenching radiation in a predetermined wavelength rangefrhe steps which comprise: receiving energy of different intensities from various points of :the distant object field, periodically bombarding various-segments ofsaidscreen with amounts of'accelerated electrons cor-- responding with the amounts of radiation r'eceivedfrom corresponding points in the object field whilesaid'sereen is'not' flooded with such quenching radiation to cause a succession of simultaneously observablepersistentimages of the same said distantobject field tobe formedon said screen, retaining all of said persistent images thereomfor such a correspondingprolonged period, andralternately periodically flooding all parts of said screen witha-such quenching radiation simultaneously at the end oft-each of-suchperiods, thereby erasing all ofsuch. imagesnand preparing saidscreen to reproducea new persistent; image. 32-; Inan image forming system, an envelope :havmg a :screen capable 'of.retaining an :imagerfor a prolonged 75,.

period; meanscomprising an-vlelectrode'tstructure includ- 

